My Life in Pink Essay

The tale of this delicately taken care of film concerns a youthful MtF transsexual. It is by turns funny and disastrous. Seven-year old Ludovic lives in an upper-white collar class Belgian rural neighborhood. He carries on in a manner that is very normal to him, dresses in a dress or skirt at whatever point conceivable, and is very persuaded he will wed a local kid, the child of his father’s chief. His preferred TV program is a kitchy young ladies program about a Barbie-like doll called Pam who lives in an elegant girly pink animation dreamland and has enchantment powers. Youthful Ludovic moves Pam’s move to the frightful melody â€Å"Rose†, and like some different young ladies of his age fantasizes about union with an attractive sentimental man who will deeply inspire his female love. The film delineates the troubles confronting a youngster with sexual orientation character issues and the way the Ludovic himself, the befuddled guardians and family, society, school, other kids, and the area (threatening, misleading, and oblivious) handle the circumstance. Ludovic is seven years of age. From the start thinks he is a young lady, at that point gets befuddled as everybody endeavors to clarify him of this, at that point attempts to locate a satisfactory shared opinion (I am a girlboy, or I am a kid yet I will grow up to be a young lady, or something turned out badly and I ought to have been brought into the world a young lady). At the point when he was conceived, the additional X chromosome unintentionally arrived in the junk and he got a Y! Indeed, even a way of life as a girlboy isn't permitted him by people around him. The main ones who have any comprehension of what he is experiencing are his analyst and his grandma who figures it may be a stage he is experiencing, yet in addition stands up to the circumstance with some understanding. His sister likewise observes Ludovich more as he is than as others accept or need him to be. Under expanding tension from a uninformed network which treats the family with utter disdain, the guardians normally experience issues in managing Ludovic’s transsexuality, and in the long run send him to a therapist with the goal of â€Å"curing† him, obviously there is no fix †just understanding. In the long run they come to acknowledge the unavoidable. The film, maybe an overwhelming fictionalization, is a microcosm of the early educational experience of a transsexual. The film manages homophobia, extremism, misconstruing, the retreat of the transsexual into a dream life to escape from unfathomable reality, the endeavor of the transsexual to shroud the condition in view of his/her discipline for demonstrating it, and the response of the transsexual’s guardians, family, and society. Basic to the experience, particlarly when the film was made, is disarray of homosexuality and transsexualism, forswearing of its reality, the endeavor to fix it, the effective segregation and threatening vibe against the transsexual and his/her family, the acknowledgment of the presence of both male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuality, lastly surrendered acknowledgment. The dad is terminated from his activity, and the family moves to a more unfortunate neighborhood, where they discover some acknowledgment and Ludovic meets a youthful butch young lady, maybe a youthful FtM transsexual of about a similar age. The last help from inconveniences is misrepresented by the music which turns dismal as the camera skillet away from the petit Ludovic, on his own away from different kids. As his pubescent sister says, prophetically, â€Å"it just gets increasingly troublesome as you get older†. The last scene breaks down into the unpleasant topic.

Emergency Preparedness Essay

Job of Public Health Personnel During the Franklin County catastrophe, there were various people that took an interest in the fiasco reaction. Every part had a particular job in the Public Health Team. The Community Health Nurse was pivotal in the endeavors to guarantee that the inhabitants of Franklin County were sheltered and their homes were fixed from the harms brought about by the tempest. By going way to-entryway to posing inquiries from a readied overview, the Community Health Nurse had the option to all the more likely assess the requirements of the inhabitants and survey the degree of adapting that was vital and report back to the group so as to energize support so as to repair the harm of the tempest. Later the Community Health Nurse had the option to offer help by offering help by telephone through the debacle hotline, to help the occupants and offer direction of whom to contact for additional help with issues that should be gone to promote by people with specific claims to fame. Levels of leadership In the Franklin County emergency, the group set up an Emergency Operations Plan to set up an away from of individuals in the hierarchy of leadership. At the highest point of the levels of leadership was the County Emergency Manager as the Commander, trailed by the Operations Chief, Logistics Chief, Financial and Administrative Chief and ultimately the Planning and Intelligence Chief. While the Commander has his hands full he appointed duty to the Operations Chief to regulate the obligations of the Medical and Health Branch Director, the Community Service Branch Director, the Fire Branch Director, the Law Enforcement Director and the Public Works Director. The Public Health Group was administered by the Medical Health Director. The Planning, Operations, Logistics, and Finance and Administrative Chiefs all answered to the Incident Commander. All levels buckled down together to impart the requirements that should have been cultivated so as to protect the inhabitants during the Franklin County debacle. Assets During the entryway to-entryway visits that the Community Health Nurse directed, various situations introduced that required outside assets the medical caretaker couldn't finish herself. So as to address the issues of the occupants the Community Health Nurse utilized her assets of Environmental Health Specialist for the primary family unit she visited, so as to aid the cleanup of a spill. For the second family unit the medical caretaker had the option to propose a close by cover that could assist the family with their requirements until a visit from a social help laborer could be set up. With the third family who communicated in Spanish just, the attendant had the option to utilize her constrained correspondence to give data to cleanup after the calamity. The medical caretaker can likewise anticipate a translator to join her on her following visit to give increasingly intensive subtleties. Furthermore, in conclusion for the fourth occupant, the attendant had the option to anticipate him to clear to a safe house with the goal for him to get his pulse prescription. The Community Health Nurse had the option to utilize assets gave by the network of Franklin County so as to address the issues of the considerable number of occupants she visited. Activities of Community Health Nurse In spite of the fact that the Community Health Nurse had the option to utilize suitable asset to support the inhabitants, she was confronted with crisis circumstances before her having the option to utilize those assets. In the principal house the medical caretaker experience a potential concoction spill and needed to prompt the occupant not to endeavor to tidy it up before assessment from a master to abstain from being open to poisons. The subsequent family was in emergency following the catastrophe; the medical caretaker had the option to quiet the mother somewhere around offering help to the urgent guardians by guaranteeing that social administrations would make a visit soon so as to discover approach to decrease the families stress. At the third house, despite the fact that the medical caretaker was confronted with language hindrances, she had the option to give information through leaflets to teach the family about potential presentation because of their ineffectively ventilated house. Also, at the last house the attendant had the option to evaluate the inhabitant for hypertension and mastermind him to get his circulatory strain prescription at a neighborhood cover close by. All through all the home visits, the attendant had the option to try to avoid panicking so as to give all the inhabitants consolation in their season of emergency. Adapting to Aftermath In the principal house the attendant had the option to assist the occupant adapt to his storm cellar flooding and synthetic spill in his shed by giving sufficient data in regards to substance spills and cleanup methods. The medical caretaker was likewise ready to console the inhabitant by organizing a visit from the Environmental Health Specialist to assess the compound spill. By doing this the pressure and concern was helped for the inhabitant. In the subsequent house, the feeling of anxiety was high for the guardians. The attendant had the option to give supplies to the newborn child and recommend departure for the family while their capacity stays to be out. So as to proceed onward from this catastrophe the medical attendant masterminded a visit from social administrations to offer help so as to adapt to their distressing time. At the third family unit the medical caretaker had the option to protect the inhabitants by giving data about keeping water and dietary needs sheltered. This quieted their feelings of trepidation of keeping their family protected and sound in their home. For the last house, the medical caretaker had the option to evaluate the man’s circulatory strain quickly to guarantee him great wellbeing and ease his feeling of anxiety. She had the option to additionally decreasing his worry by getting the man to a protected haven so as to get his circulatory strain drugs all together. Procedures To facilitate the help during the entryway to-entryway visits the medical attendant could have offered to help assembled volunteers to assist the occupant with the storm cellar cleanup so as to move out any overwhelming item so as to expel the stale water. In the subsequent house, the attendant could have likewise offered to orchestrate childcare for a couple of hours all together for the guardians to finish essential assignments or get a psychological break to reduce their feeling of anxiety. The medical attendant could have quickly recovered an interpreter for the third house to promptly mitigate worry of the occupants. An in the last house, the attendant could have organized the inhabitant to have day by day circulatory strain checks for the next week to guarantee that the pulse regiment was effectively all together. Planning of Nurses Fortunately the little network of Franklin County had the option to arrange their assets so as to give satisfactory consideration and security to their inhabitants. Comparable advances would should be taken if this comparable circumstance were to occur in a bigger influenced region. Comparable chain of orders would should be instituted promptly so as to designate assignments to those in strong jobs. It would proactive to have these jobs set up for the nearby, state and government organizations. Arrangements can be made with instruction of readiness of conventions and preparing for some random emergency. Having the clinics and nearby havens mindful of approaches to establish whenever there's any hint of debacle will make the underlying hours of the calamity increasingly sensible. So as to diminish the tension of the networks, steady correspondence about readiness and departure plans is vital so as to have the option to fill in as a group when calamity strikes.

Finding the Best Solutions Essay Topics

Finding the Best Solutions Essay TopicsWhen you want to write an essay on the best solutions for a particular problem, you can do so by selecting the right solutions essay topics. Most of the time, solutions essay topics are generally presented to readers through the uses of a problem. Thus, they often remind them of the problems they face everyday in their lives. One of the most popular topics for solutions essays are the questions and problems related to social issues.For students who want to write solutions essay topics that deal with social issues, the first thing they need to do is decide what kinds of problems they would like to deal with. They can make use of a combination of different topics as well. It is best to choose a topic that is a good blend of two or more topics. This way, students can mix several ideas into one essay.A student who wants to write a solutions essay on a particular subject should take note of the correct subjects that are often used in social science p apers. These subjects include politics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, religion, and other similar subjects. Then, a student should make use of the history of these subjects to better understand what problems are faced by students who study them. He or she can then make use of these sources to present his or her ideas clearly.Students who want to choose the best solutions essay topics must be aware of the various resources they have to provide for themselves. Aside from taking note of the various essays available on the Internet, they should also search for the writers who offer such resources. Those who specialize in these kinds of essays usually offer the necessary support and guidance for their clients.When searching for writing advice on these topics, they can use resources which come from publishers, such as magazines and journals. Books are also available on these topics, although students may have to pay a very small amount to get them. Though this may seemto be a rather expensive choice, this type of writing advice should be taken. Sometimes, students tend to look for help at the marketplaces or from the users of these books or services.Students can also find the writers by looking through the social networks. They can check their profiles in such websites as Facebook and MySpace, as well as many others. They can then contact them or join them in groups and forums related to the issues they want to write about. At the same time, they can look for talented writers on these sites, such as freelancers, interns, and self-employed writers.Some students who are involved in creating solution essay topics can write articles and submit them to article databases, as well as student newspapers and magazines. Such article submissions can then get posted on different websites as well. Such ways of getting the right information to solve social problems will definitely be helpful to students who are trying to research solutions to complex issues.Those who want to write solutions essay topics should be aware of the different strategies that they can use to write an effective essay. Writing such topics will be easier if they have clear ideas about how to proceed. And they should be able to understand all the information they need in order to compose the best solutions essay.

All Quiet on the Western Front - 1272 Words

The book, All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque can be identified with many themes. Whether the theme is loyalty to friends, the unbelievable suffering at the hands of other human beings, or the beauty of nature in contrast to the horrors of war, none of those are as fitting as the theme: betrayal by adults. The manipulation performed by a trusted schoolmaster, the awful treatment done by someone who is called a leader, and parents going along with what society thinks is right versus what their sons want, all are important factors that explain why betrayal by adults is the central idea of this story. In Remarque’s book, the main character, Paul Baà ¼mer and his comrades all have a bitter feeling towards their once†¦show more content†¦He hunted up another piss-a-bed... and quartered him with Tjaden.... Himmelstoss put these two so that one occupied the upper and the other the lower bunk. The man underneath of course had a vile time. The next night th ey were changed over and the lower one put on top so that he could retaliate. That was Himmelstoss’s system of self-education.† (page 45 and 46) This quote proves how terrible of a person Himmelstoss is indeed. What makes it even worse is that he is supposed to be the one pushing the soldiers to be better soldiers and discipline them in the right way. The way he does things, brings out the childish and vengeful sides of the men and that is not something that soldiers should feel for someone who is fighting for the same thing and is on their own squad. Himmelstoss’s actions are considered as betrayal because of the fact that he is supposed to be admired and respected by his comrades, because of his higher rank but instead is hated. Taking advantage of his rank and performing terrible acts, like what he did to Tjaden, only make the young soldiers hesitate to trust adults like him. Betrayal by adults is a common occurrence in Remarque’s story. This betrayal is the worst of all because of the fact that they are their parents. Parents are supposed to comfort their children, and also support them and be on their sides when making tough decisions. In All Quiet on the Western Front, this was not what happened. Deciding whetherShow MoreRelatedAll Quiet of the Western Front756 Words   |  3 PagesPlot Summary: All Quiet on the Western Front Written by Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front is the tale of a young man by the name of Paul. Paul who is nineteen years old gathers several of his friends from school and together they voluntarily join the army fighting for the Axis alliance. Before they are sent off into actual battle, they are faced with the brutal training camp. Along with this they face the cruelty of the life of a soldier. This made them question the reason forRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front700 Words   |  3 PagesThe greatest war novel of all time, All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is a novel that depicted the hardships of a group of teenagers who enlisted in the German Army during World War 1. Enlisting right out of high school forced the teens to experience things they had never thought of. From the life of a soilder on the front line to troubles with home life, war had managed to once again destroy a group of teenagers. Throughout the novel, we saw the men of the Second CompanyRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1797 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: All Quiet on the Western Front Creator: Erich Maria Remarque Date of Publication: 1929 Class: War Novel Anecdotal Information about Author: -Erich Maria Remarque was conceived on 22 June 1898 into a working people family in the German city of Osnabrà ¼ck to Peter Franz Remark (b. 14 June 1867, Kaiserswerth) and Anna Maria (nà ©e Stallknecht; conceived 21 November 1871, Katernberg). -During World War I, Remarque was recruited into the armed force at 18 years old. On 12 June 1917, heRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front943 Words   |  4 Pages The book All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, is about a group of 19 year old young men who are changed by the ways of war. There is paul: the main character; Tjaden: a tall, skinny locksmith, also the biggest eater; Albert Kropp: a lance-corporal and the clearest thinker; Muller: studious, intelligent, and likes school; Leer: has a preference for the girls from the prostitution houses and has a beard; Haie Westhus: a peat-digger, and big in size; Deterring: a peasant, he alwaysRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front2393 Words   |  10 PagesAll Quiet on the Western Front: Book Review Erich Maria Remarque, author of All Quiet on the Western Front, actually fought in WWI (Remarque 297). Because of this, he was able to write this book with accurate depictions of the war. He writes how being in combat can really take a toll on a person and affect them in a negative way. He also writes of the pain and suffering that the soldiers must cope with that comes along with living in constant fear and danger. When looking at the title of theRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front2085 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will consider the different effects created by Erich Maria Remarque in his novel All Quiet on the Western Front. As a writer, Remarque unknowingly left his novel open to readers with completely different perspectives, and to various forms of criticism. This undoubtedly meant that every single reader had been affected by the novel in many different ways which unfortunately for Remarque may have been an effect that he never intended. This essay is divided into 5 main sections. Firstly itRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1089 Words   |  5 Pages In Erich Maria Remarque’s novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, human nature is the only abstract periphery between belligerent barbarism and justifiable violence. Through the insipid bombardments that rained shells over the Germans’ heads and noxious implementation of mustard gas, Remarque dexterously misleads the reader into believing that he fights in an apathetic war where all remnants of human nature and identity have been destroyed with the introduction of trench warfare. Through Paul Baumer’sRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1509 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"He fell in October 1918, on a day that was so quiet and still on the whole front, that the army report confined itself to a single sentence: All quiet on the Western Front† (Remarque 296). Paul Baumer, the narrator of All Quiet on the Western Front, enlisted into the German army at a young age of nineteen with a group of friends from school. Kantorek, Paul’s teacher, â€Å"gave us long lectures until the whole of our class went, under his shepherding, to the District Commandant and volunteered† (RemarqueRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front, soldiers at the front have a better idea than civilians of the true n ature of war because they have experienced the war while civilians have only read about it or listened to government propaganda. Remarque is trying to tell us that only those who experience the war can understand how awful war truly is. In All Quiet on the Western Front, the main character Paul goes back to his home, the people he meets still think that the Germans are winningRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front1790 Words   |  8 Pagessmell of cigar smoke, gunpowder, and dirt that filled the air. There was no nationalism; all Paul wanted was survival. World War I was supposed to be about nationalism and the propaganda forced upon the soldiers to feel superiority over other countries, but Paul helps to prove otherwise, as his story tells what is was like to be at the front, and how tough it was to be a soldier. â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† portrays war as it was actually experienced, replacing the romantic picture of glory and

How Does Leydig Cells Affect The Synthesis Of Testicular...

Successful testicular function depends on the hypothalamus discharge of GNRH, which in turn activates the release of LH and FSH to act on the testes and initiates the synthesis of testicular steroids. Active immunization dysfunction the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, thereby hindering the function of the Leydig and Sertoli cells and suppress the attainment of the testes maturity and steroid synthesis [Einarsson et al., 2009] and then lower the level testosterone hormones. The total serum testosterone concentrations are decreased, consistence with the treatment group research results obtained in a previous study [Ramzan et al., 2013]. Another previous study [Khan et al., 2008] showed that the serum testosterone levels are reduced in the†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Huma et al., [2014] reported that protein 234 moderately lowered the testosterone response to KISS-1 gene. Thus reduction of testosterone in the bloodstream of the treatment group was achieved due to abnor mal function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, implying that the kisspeptin recombinant oral vaccines participate in the disruption of testosterone secretion and the overcoming of ram sexual behaviors. The scale of the testicles is well correlated to the synthesis functionality of the sperm and further gonadal sperm reserves [Parkinson et al., 2004]. The scrotal circumference is the best and the most sophisticated device for estimating the mass of the reproductive organs [Lino et al., 1972; Notter et al., 1987] and the level of testes development [Lunstra et al., 1978] inside the animal. The testicle circumference and histological sections were assessed to determine the efficacy of the vaccine on gonadal features. Analysis of the sub-physiological contents of testicles revealed a direct relationship between the steroid and spermatogenic production. Our research finding shows that the vaccine has a strong effect on the scrotal circumference of immunized ram lambs compared with the control ram lambs (P 0.05). Furthermore, the microscopic histological outcomes of testicles indicate that the vaccinated ram lambs indicated lower masses of spermatogonium, spermatocytes, and spermatids. The histological observation revealed smaller seminiferousShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Androgenic Anabolic Steroids?1601 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION What are Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids? Androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone. Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells of the testes. Scientist have tried to reproduce a synthetic form of this hormone since the early 1900s. As early as 1935, the production of synthetic hormones has been possible. These hormones have two distinct effects. The androgenic effects which produce the development of the male characteristics such

Jeffrey Dahmer Essay example - 1398 Words

Biography On: Jeffrey Dahmer Section I: Introduction: Jeffrey Dahmer was one of the most well known serial killers ever. Dahmer was no ordinary serial killer. He was a killer, necropheliac, and a cannibal. The purpose of this report is to learn more about this serial killer. Section II: Overview †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer was born May 21, 1960, at Evangelical Hospital in Milwaukee, Wisconsin† (Blakey). †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer was found beaten by fellow inmates on the morning of November 28, 1994, as was pronounced dead at 9:11 a.m.† (Blakey). †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jeffrey Dahmer given life imprisonment on 15 counts of murder committed in Wisconsin and one committed in Ohio, for†¦show more content†¦When Dahmer entered the first grade, Lionel noticed Dahmer had become very shy and showed a general lack of self-confidence. Jeffrey became distant, in comparison to his outgoing self earlier in his life. At age 15, Dahmer would ride around with plastic bags collecting animal remains for his own personal cemetery. He would strip the flesh from the bodies of dead animals that he had found. Dahmer had a fascination with stripping the flesh off dead animals. Dahmer had pets of his own, but had no means of hurting them. Dahmer soon became more isolated which soon brought him to fulfill his fantasies of having sex with dead people and creatures. Section IV: Dahmer’s Crimes Dahmer seemed like a very disorganized killer. He seemed much like a particular killer. Dahmer wasn’t very smart. He was below average intelligence, low or average birth status, was socially immature, and he seldom dated (Pringle). Dahmer hung out at gay bars and picked up homosexuals, particularly African-Americans. At the crime scenes, he left his victims dismembered. Dahmer would lead the victims back to his house, drug them, sexually assault the victims, and then dismember them. Dahmer would use acid to take away the skin from the skulls of the victims and then keep these skulls as trophies for his fantasies. Dahmer would also dismember the bodies of the victims and keep them in his apartment for safekeeping. When the policeShow MoreRelatedJeffrey Dahmer : An Strange Boy1646 Words   |  7 Pages1 CP Period 9 20 January 2015 Jeffrey Dahmer Jeffrey Dahmer was born on May 21, 1960 in Milwaukee Wisconsin to Joyce and Lionel Dahmer. Jeffrey Dahmer grew up a very joyful, outgoing, happy kid. Dahmer was like this until his brother was born. After the birth of his brother, he seemed lonely as if he was seeking love and attention. Around the age of 6, Dahmer had a double hernia operation. Joyce and Lionel Dahmer soon realized that their son had really changed. Dahmer was shy and kept to himself,Read MoreThe Monster Within By Jeffrey Dahmer852 Words   |  4 Pageskiller, Jeffrey Dahmer. The documentary follows the life of Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer told from his father’s, Lionel Herbert Dahmer, side of things. Jeffrey Dahmer killed seventeen men, had sex with their corpses, and ate them. It focuses on Dahmer’s sexuality, his reason of doing these things, and the timeline of his life and murders. There were many interesting facts used in the documentary that really keeps the viewers mind focused, and surprised with ev ery detail stated. Jeffrey Dahmer stated thatRead MoreJeffrey Dahmer : Serial Killer2695 Words   |  11 Pages Jeffrey Dahmer is considered to be one of the top serial killers of all time. Jeffrey is believed to be a top serial killer for several reasons, as he would drug and strangle his victims to death, he would also do a ritual to most of his victims over and over again. He had a necrophilia problem and would torcher his victims. In this research paper I will explain why it was believe that Jeffrey did what he did to his victims. I will tell about Jeffrey’s life as a child to his life as killer andRead MoreThe Criminal Mind : Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesEssay #3 Rough Draft The criminal mind is something that is difficult to comprehend. The aggressive, manic, and psychotic behaviors of criminals are all a reflection of their human biology and the environment. Jeffrey Dahmer, also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal, committed several crimes of murder and rape which were behaviors influenced by both external factors and his genetic makeup. While certain justifications for criminal acts can be argued as irrational, it is clear that the biological andRead MoreJeffrey Dahmer : Understanding Criminal Minds2895 Words   |  12 Pages A Jeffrey Dahmer Story Tyler Jones Understanding Criminal Minds December 1, 2014 Jeffrey Dahmer Fantasies can be strengthened by great amount of sex drive that assists in unusual behaviors; sexual murders are based on fantasies. The purposes of the fantasies are to take control of the victims; the killer wants the control because he/she has sought it since childhood. It is known that very few serial killers have healthy relation with their parents.†¨ â€Å"Jeffrey was born on MayRead MoreJeffrey Dahmer : An American Serial Killer912 Words   |  4 Pagesoffender(s), in separate events.† Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer, who is well known as an American serial killer and sex offender who was born on May 21, 1960, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He is known for his murders committed in his teenage years between the years of 1978 and 1991; Jeffrey Dahmer murdered 17 males. He not only murdered 17 men, but horrifically disposed of their bodies; he committed acts of rape, dismemberment, necrophilia, and cannibalism. However, Jeffrey Dahmer has been glorified by people inRead Mo reThe Serial Killers : Jeffrey Dahmer Essay1806 Words   |  8 Pagesimaginations of people for a long time. One of the most notorious serial killers is Jeffrey Dahmer whose gruesome murders shocked the nation. Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer also known as Milwaukee monster was a notorious American serial killer and sexual offender in the 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1978 and 1991 Dahmer had murdered 17 men. His victims were usually raped, tortured, dismembered, and cannibalism was also involved. Jeffrey was a troubled child psychologically and his social skills had a lot to be desiredRead MoreJeffrey Dahmer Research Paper1971 Words   |  8 PagesJeffrey Dahmer Research Paper 08/29/2012 Introduction Jeffrey Dahmer was a notorious serial killer in the late 70’s throughout the early 90’s. What made him stand out from most serial killer’s was what he did to the bodies of his victims. During this research paper, I will cover his childhood life, what led to his lifestyle of killing and cannibalism and also the crimes that were committed during his murderous acts. I will also compare what theories relate to Jeffrey Dohmer and whatRead MoreLife of a Serial Killer, Jeffrey Dahmer774 Words   |  3 Pagesunsuccessful and they divorced. Jeffrey graduated from high school in May of 1978 and a few weeks before he graduated, one of his teachers noticed him near the parking lot drinking multiple cans of beer. After the teacher threatened to expose the matter, he claimed that he was experiencing many difficulties at home and the counselor at the school knew it. His mother was awarded custody of his brother David, and moved out to live with her family. At this time J effrey had turned 18, and was legallyRead MoreEssay on Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer1950 Words   |  8 PagesJeffrey Dahmer was born in Milwaukee on the 21st of May, 1960, to Lionel and Joyce Dahmer. From a very young age Jeffrey was a normal young boy who showed no signs of any mental problems. At a very young age Jeffrey began to develop an interest in dead animals when his father found a number of dead animal bones while sweeping under the house. This didn’t affect the way he behaved until when he started going to preschool. Whilst attending preschool Jeffrey was seen as a very shy boy, at the same

Nicholas Ferrar Essay Example For Students

Nicholas Ferrar Essay Nicholas Ferrar was assumed to be born in 1592. I have found that his most probable birth date was in February of 1593. This is due to the usual calendar confusion: England was not at that time using the new calendar adopted in October 1582. It was 1593 according to our modern calendar, but at the time the new year in England began on the following March 25th. Nicholas Ferrar was one of the more interesting figures in English history. His family was quite wealthy and were heavily involved in the Virginia Company, which had a Royal Charter for the plantation of Virginia. People like Sir Walter Raleigh were often visitors to the family home in London. Ferrars niece was named Virginia, the first known use of this name. Ferrar studied at Cambridge and would have gone further with his studies but the damp air of the fens was bad for his health and he traveled to Europe, spending time in the warmer climate of Italy. On his return to England he found his family had fared badly. His brother John had become over extended financially and the Virginia Company was in danger of loosing its charter. Nicholas dedicated himself to saving the family fortune and was successful. He served for a short time as Member of Parliament, where he tried to promote the cause for the Virginia Company. His efforts were in vain for the company lost their charter anyway. Nicholas is given credit for founding a Christian community called the English Protestant Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, England. After Ferrar was ordained as a deacon, he retired and started his little community. Ferrar was given help and support with his semi-religious community by John Collet, as well as Collets wife and fourteen children. They devoted themselves to a life of prayer, fasting and almsgiving (Matthew 6:2,5,16). The community was founded in 1626, when Nicholas was 34 years old. Banning together, they restored an abandoned church that was being used as a barn. Being of wealthy decent, Ferrar purchased the manor of Little Gidding, a village which had been discarded since the Black Death (a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century), a few miles off the Great North Road, and probably recommended by John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln whose palace was in the nearby village of Buckden. About thirty people along with Mary Ferrar (Ferrars mother) moved into the manor house. Nicholas became spiritual leader of the community. The community was very strict under the supervision of Nicholas. They read daily offices of the Book of Common Prayer, including the recital of the complete Psalter. every day. Day and night there was at least one member of the community kneeling in prayer at the alter, that they were keeping the word, ?Pray without ceasing?. They taught the neighborhood children, and looked after the health and well being of the community. They fasted and in many ways embraced voluntary poverty so that they might have as much money as possible for the relief of the poor. They wrote books and stories dealing with various aspects of Christian faith and practice. The memory of the community survived to inspire and influence later undertakings of Christian communal living, and one of T.S. Eliots Four Quartets is called ?Little Gidding.?Nicholas was a bookbinder and he taught the community the craft as well as gilding and the so-called pasting printing by means of a rolling press. The members of the community produced the remarkable ?Harmonies? of the scriptures, one of which was produced by Mary Collet for King Charles I.. Some of the bindings were in gold toothed leather, som e were in velvet which had a considerable amount of gold tooling. Some of the embroidered bindings of this period have also been attributed to the so-called nuns of Little Gidding. .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e , .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .postImageUrl , .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e , .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e:hover , .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e:visited , .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e:active { border:0!important; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e:active , .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3fab52e206d433b92b62df9098c23a1e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jacky Robinson Essay SummaryThe community attracted much attention and was visited by the king, Charles I. He was attracted by a gospel harmony they had produced. The king asked to borrow it only to return it a few months later in exchange for a promise of a new harmony to give his son, Charles, Prince of Wales. This the Ferrars did, and the superbly produced and bound manuscript passed through the royal collection, and is now on display at the British Library. Nicholas Ferrar, who was never married, died in 1637, and was buried outside the church in Little Gidding. Nicholass brother John assumed the leadership of the community. John did his best to make the community thrive. He was visited by the king several times. At one time the king came for a visit with the Prince of Wales, he donated some money that he had won in a card game from the prince. The kings last visit was in secret and at night. He was fleeing from defeat from the battle of Naseby and was heading north to try to enlist support from the Scots. John brought him secretly to Little Gidding and got him away the next day. The community was now in much danger. The Presbyterian Puritans were now on the rise and the community was condemned with a series of pamphlets calling them an ?Arminian Nunnery? (Ariminius was a Dutch reformer and theologian who opposed the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and election)In 1646 the community was forcibly broken up by Parliamentary soldiers. Their brass baptismal font was damaged, cast into the pond and not recovered until 200 years later. The village remained in the Ferrar family but it was not until the 18th century that the church was restored by another Nicholas Ferrar. Ferrar restored the church, shortened the nave by about 8 feet and built the ?dull facade? that Eliot spoke of. In the mid 19th century, William Hodgkinson came along and restored the church more. He installed the armorial stain glass windows, (4 windows with the arms of Ferrar, Charles the 1st and Bishop Williams inserted). He then put in a rose window at the east end (this rose window was later replaced by a Palladian-style plain glass window). Hodgkinson recovered the brass font, restored it and reinstalled it in the church. An elaborate 18th century chandelier now hangs in the church, installed by Hodgkinson. from _Little Gidding_ by T.S. Eliot If you came this way,Taking any route, starting from anywhere,At any time or at any season,It would always be the same: you would have to put offSense and notion. You are not here to verify,Instruct yourself, or inform curiosityOr carry report. You are here to kneelWhere prayer has been valid. And prayer is moreThan an order of words, the conscious occupationOf the praying mind, or the sound of the voice praying. And what the dead had no speech for, when living,They can tell you, being dead: the communicationOf the dead is tongued with firebeyond the language of the living. Here, the intersection of the timeless momentIs England and nowhere. Never and always. BibliographyEtherington ; Roberts. DictionaryFerrar, Nicholas Bookbinding and the Conservationof Books A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Ferrar, Nicholas ( 1592-1637 )Columbia Encyclopedia Table Of Contents Columbia Encyclopedia. F. Faber, FrederickWilliam. Faber, Johannes. Fabian, Saint. Fabian Society. Fabius. Fabius, Laurent. fable. fabliau, plural Christian Biographies Commemorated in November FOR THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS(1 NOV) FIRST READING: Ecclesiasticus 44:1-10,13-14 (Let us now praise famousmen.; a commemoration of patriarchs, A History Of The Church In England, J.R.H.Moorman, Morehouse Publishing copyright 1980The Story Of Christianity, Justo L Gonzalez, Harper Collins Publishers copyright 1984The Episcopal Church, David Locke Hippocrene Books, New York copyright 199144

Flexible Work Schedule and Work

Introduction Work-life balance is a top agenda item for human resource managers of most multinational and large organizations. It is even the top priority issue for employees everywhere. Whether to adopt work-life balance or flexible schedules remains a contentious issue especially with times of great business economic threats on one hand and increased family pressure on the other.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Flexible Work Schedule and Work-Life Balance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though organizations globally manage a workforce that is very culturally diverse, they are faced with one similar challenge of managing a more informed workforce which demands for more and more rights even in difficult economic times. Even the environment itself promotes such demands to arise and thus managers must remain competitively capable of handling this. For instance, a recent survey and report in the UK showed that longer drinking hours have significantly increased work absence (Churchard 2011). There is a continuous search for ways that will not force people to choose between work and family or friends. In multinationals, the task is not as easy as it may be on local companies. The international human resource managers are faced by an extra task of understanding the various demographic and cultural differences in the countries in which their organizations are to be found. This means that the HR policies may not be directly transferable among the countries. A policy that may be applicable in one culture without any resistance from staff may face rejection if applied in a different culture if customization is not done. In this paper, focus is given to personnel policies that relate to flexibility and work-life balance. The human resource practices in some local and multinational companies are addressed and it is sought if a set of policies related to work-life balance in a multinational corpor ation can be applicable to a subsidiary in a different country. â€Å"Trends of Working Time in Europe† â€Å" In Europe, clear efforts to improve on working hours began in the 1980s, even though there had been efforts here and there to achieve the same. In Germany, working time flexibility increased since the compromise in the metal working industry in 1984. Today, over 52% of all the dependent employees work within a flexible organization. (Carl Maier 2009)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an experts meeting held in Dublin on 3rd June 2011, Boulin (2011) suggested that institutions in the European Union adopt policies that favor work/life balance through parental leaves and childcare facilities and also gender mainstreaming. A suggestion was therefore made that revision of working time be done in regards to long working hours, working time options and rules conc erning unsocial hours. On the same meeting, Italian human resource expert Addabbo Tindara suggested that the quality of work dimensions be looked at from six sides namely the â€Å"social, economic, work-life balance, complexity, organizational and ergonomic dimensions.† According to the Norwegian National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), flexible working hours can be a major hindrance to work-life balance. Data shows that for people working less than 40 hours a week, there is no much work-family conflict. However, for employees doing over 40 hours there is greater work-family conflict. According to the study by the institute, predictability is better than flexibility as far as work-family balance is concerned. The idea of working hours being flexible is not enough, they should be predictable too. Flexible contracts can come in form of temporary working, fixed term contracts, sub contracting, and zero hour’s contracts. Other ways of creating flexible work hour s are part-time work, flexitime and overtime. People can also do job sharing and compressed hours. Different countries have adopted different forms of flexible work in line with cultural beliefs, religion and moral principles. Literature Review Work-Life Balance There is an increasing rate for the demand for work-life balance solutions by employees and managers (Bird 2006). According to Bird, work-life is a serious concern even to the senior executives for the following reasons. Work-life balance affects growth and profit of the company i.e. on and off-the-job stresses adversely affect bottom line growth and drive down productivity. There is full engagement in customer service- this creates an unnecessarily stressed and out of balance workforce. There is increased expectation by the current pool of younger workers that there is a life to live other than and out of the job. Health cost solution- there is a rising cost of health care by organizations owing to the increased work relate d illnesses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Flexible Work Schedule and Work-Life Balance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The health perspective According to Mayo-Clinic, inability to have a good work-life balance has far reaching health effects especially to the worker. Fatigue, suppressed immunity and general unproductivity are just among the many problems the worker experiences. Mayo-Clinic proposes a strategy to strike a better balance. They propose an approach that starts with tracking one’s weekly schedule and cutting or delegating those tasks you cannot handle. They also advise people to learn to say no when extra work out of schedule is assigned to make room for joy and additional meaningful activities. Work should be left at the workplace. Advice is therefore given, especially with the current technology that could connect home to work, that people should learn to separate work from personal act ivities. Good time management is especially crucial. This goes a long way in giving the worker enough time to relax and attend to other personal matters. In addition, it goes a long way in preventing conflicts at home more so for the married workforce. Above all, a good and healthy nutrition coupled with daily physical activity routines to nurture the physical and emotional wellbeing are recommended. It goes without saying that taking time to engage in regular physical activity in a preventive measure to cardiovascular diseases among other illnesses that are accentuated by living physically inactive life. This is a trend that is very common among the working class. As such, taking time to do activities that one enjoys could be a good thing to do (Stiles 2009). It is one’s responsibility to evaluate oneself and seek professional help when it is the right time. Working long hours and working in unsocial hours of the night necessitate frequent medical check ups and other forms o f medical attention. Multinationals which have subsidiaries in areas where there is no elaborate legislation on flexible and work-life balance must take this into account. Their human resources management must also create provisions that will ensure they are well trained for health work related life. This will increase employee retention, reduce days that employees miss job due to work-related sicknesses and in the end company maintains profitability. Taking the health of the workforce with high regard also motivates the employees, which is a gain to the organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Flex-time Mayo-Clinic suggests that one can take advantage of available options like flex hours, job sharing, compressed week and telecommuting among others. Control over one’s hours will give less stress. Flexible working arrangements have widely been advocated for by governments and private institutions. The Australian Government (2011) attaches the following benefits to flexible working arrangements. To begin with, the Australian government has realized that flex-time improves the firm’s ability to attract skilled and motivated employees, not to mention the effect of enhancing employee retention. Staffs who are allowed to take flex-time working schedules eventually become loyal to the organization since they feel the organization appreciates them by giving them space to make their choices. The staffs therefore execute their duties as if they are shareholders of the organization. The government of Australia has also recognized that allowing for flexi-time schedules i s a great step towards increasing trust and respect between employees and the management. When employees get flex-time opportunities, they end up contributing positively to the organization by improving productivity. This is because flexible work schedules can enable staff to execute their office duties even in odd hours which otherwise they would not have been working. It is well identified that flexi-time schedules lead to a reduction in staff absenteeism and labour turnover, eventually raising the company’s productivity and profitability. The Australian Government (2011) also highlights that flexible work schedules go a long way in reducing stress levels and boosting morale and commitment in employees. Finally, flexible work schedules reduce discrimination at work place. After recognizing the above benefits of flexible work schedules, the Australian Government (2011) went ahead to propose a three step approach to ease the introduction of flexible work practices. In the fir st step, new arrangements appropriate to the individual are decided in consideration of available options. The second step is to plan the strategy, especially on how to make the negotiations. The final one is to engage the actual negotiations with the employer, giving good reasons and explanations on benefits to you and the organization too. To the employer, the government says that this move will increase recruitment of the number of persons with disabilities. These people have an advantage of lower absenteeism, lower cost of hiring them, building staff morale and fewer accidents at work. In a case study of KPMG UK, a study was done to help in improvement of the performance of its large workforce in the country. The main challenges to be overcome were to cater for the greater expectations of freedom from staff. The real challenge was therefore to create a flexible working strategy that could both meet the staff needs and still improve its competitiveness. Line managers were therefo re set to work along HR to evaluate the requests. The results were glide time, part-time working hours, job sharing, additional holiday purchase, unpaid leave, career break and home working. Time off to deal with child care is also allowed (Giglio n.d). These are indications that KPMG adopted an approach that favored flex time as opposed to balanced work-life. In the long run, it achieved business benefits through creating a more loyal, motivated and productive staff, reduced recruitment cost due to better staff retention, a diverse workforce was maintained, and reinforced the company’s core values. Despite the fact that KPMG is a multinational that has subsidiaries in almost every part of the world, the human resource practices that relate to work-life and flexible working do not apply in all subsidiaries. Those in areas where employees are not much into flexible work hours do full time with core working hours being ten to four o’clock but reporting to work at eight i n the morning and leaving at six o’clock in the evening (Giglio n.d). The Ad Council, a private non profit organization with head offices in New York and Washington D.C has an average of 100 employees. All the employees are given liberty to utilize flexible hours provided they show that their productivity will not decline nor will the company incur further financial obligations. This program began with one employee who requested to be allowed to work from home. The employees hence gain in working in a happy environment spending more time with their children. Employees end up staying while the company remains attractive to job seekers. The company does not have to give several leaves like long maternity or paternity leaves since the parents can work soonest at the comfort of their homes (Vaele 2011). A furniture company, Ward’s Furniture based in Long Beach, California began to look for flexibility options as a means of taming employee turnover and thereby retain its va luable employees. The employees are treated like a family while the company still manages to keep its stores staffed. It was able to realize between 5 and 10 percent increase in annual sales in a business unfriendly time while most of its competitors shut their doors with lack of business. Management of global workforce in relation to flexi-time and work-life balance It is difficult for organizations that have a global presence to manage a flexible and very satisfied workforce. On the international arena, the managers are faced with a challenge of making flexible schedules for the employees. Most have therefore adopted a flexible schedule of work at home, which requires commitment both from employers and employees. In a study to search the applicability of this technique globally, it was found that there were more challenges in countries with collectivist cultures. Business Process Organizations and IT firms have gone a mile ahead in establishing such schedules. In most countries th at have effected flexible work hours, the call to have them comes as a result of different employee or employer needs. For instance, employees may call for flexible hours to allow them attend to other personal issues and then compensate with later hours. The call may also come from the employer in a bid to tame employee turnover, to share work due to inadequate supply of labour or to give chances to more employees or people with disabilities. The policies thus adopted will have a different basis in the effort to meet these demands. Cross border transfer of the policies may therefore not be possible as it will be difficult to meet these demands with just one set of homogeneous provisions. Perceptions on position, culture and career This would be one of the greatest variables in determining if transfer of personnel policies across borders will be effective. Surprisingly, this also has to do with the management’s taste as it may determine if these kinds of flexible schedules wil l be introduced. A study done on women around the globe showed that 81% of the North American women would make career sacrifices to improve personal life. This compares to 70% Asian women and 55% European (Rudrappa 2005). Even when academic credentials and other experiences are very important aspects in the selection of the right candidates for a job, an arising criterion is getting the right people in the right place with focus on cultural fit. International companies like Ikea have their selection of candidates more leaning towards cultural fit. Oracle is one other company that will use this criterion even for managerial positions. Other multinational companies like the Japanese Sony and All Nippon Airways do not let academic documents get in the way of getting the right staff. Internationalization calls for special attention such that the strategies applied are consistent while at the same time being flexible. In the end, the organization is able to meet international standards w hile at the same time being sensitive to local needs. In conclusion flexibility of people both in mindset, working hours and other key aspects is deeply etched into cultures. It is one of the reasons international human resource managers will look at cultural affiliation when considering who to consider for a position. Career women and flexibility In proportion to the relative number of employed women against employed men, women seem to be the largest group that is affected by lack of flexibility of work. In fact, a study was done to determine this and it was found that 67% of women interviewed would voluntarily leave work to stay at home as a wife or mother. An overwhelming 79% would quit for family obligations while 38% would do if they were forced to stay at home to be mothers or family custodians. However, challenges are still imposed by technology by bringing a work environment at home. It adversely affects women since they are now expected to balance the life of childcare, pro fessional work and family. ILO asserts that flexible working could lead to gender balance if well managed. They warn that it could lead to the woman being more oppressed if much work is brought to the home environment while there are lots of other domestic issues to handle (International Labour Organization 2007). As such, career women would end up not being favored by the flexibility of working as expected. Criticisms In an effort to achieve maximum productivity of an international human workforce, the focus should not dwell on the culture of the group from which the international organizations draw their workforce from. With the world becoming a global village, most of these hard-line cultures are being abandoned to embrace modern living. There is also a stronger need-based force, stronger than cultural tendencies that defy culture. For instance, most multinational companies looking for labour force would go where it is cheaper, that is in countries like China, India and generally Africa. The three are deeply rooted in the connectivism culture and are likely to oppose ideas like night shifts, working on holy days and other special times. However, this is only ideal. Members of these cultural groups have swam against the tide and made an impressively flexible workforce. With several advances having been made globally in management, it is only evident that either flexible time or good work-life balance is not entirely what is needed to increase sales or acquire a competitive edge; there are a myriad of many other ways. It would be wrong, therefore, to conclude that because a company used one of these at a certain time and performed well, it is the cause of increased productivity. It is often a complex interaction of these factors. Of major importance is the psychological consideration of individuals as separate entities and identifying each person’s needs. Transfer of personnel policies across borders The transfer of personnel policies on flexible and w ork-life balance is limited by the reasons each country established its statutes as compared to the other than it is by cultural differences. There is also lots of revision of the statutes as the workers and work demands keep changing and therefore necessitating their constant change. The absence of a very elaborate policy direction from the International Labour Organization is a limitation in itself to a smooth transfer of personnel policies regarding this area among nations. During its presidency of the European Union, Sweden promoted its working life. It is a clear indication that there is no homogeneous body of social science knowledge about work-life balance which can allow policy formulation and legislation. The incongruence in the laws formulated and lack of information in certain cases in different countries therefore pose a hindrance to easy transfers of personnel across borders. What may be considered as a bundle of family friendly practices in one country may be the oppos ite in the other (Tulgan 1996). Comparative issues have not been adequately dealt with to identify the key issues of work-life balance. There are therefore many cross-national differences in assumptions about the norms of family life and employer’s responsibilities. Divorce rates are a good indicator of this (Guest 2001). A good example is in what was back in the years, the Soviet Union. It used to have a strong stress on welfare and family support in its factory system but with the collapse of the communist system, a breakdown of these institutions was experienced. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has certain provisions that regard healthy working time and family friendly working time. It thus works towards seeking a solution of the traditional â€Å"male bread winner- female home maker† situation. Much of what it proposes falls within the flexible schedule brackets as part of it is part-time jobs and hourly wages for full time jobs (International Labour Or ganization 2007). Europe however is a step ahead in promoting some homogeny even though there still arises some disparities in legislation among the member countries. It is for that reason easier to have transfer of these policies within Europe. The ICT industry has been successful in maneuvering around most legislative and cultural barriers that may come in the way of flexible and work-life balance. The main reason is that much of ICT-related work can be done form whichever point in location. Technology has eased the barriers even though it has not cleared them. Most jobs that can be done online and perhaps have no tight deadlines encourage flexibility. Other than working as a ‘Flexibility Coach’, the human resource manager of a multinational must orientate himself to understanding of diverse cultures and their attitudes towards all aspects of work. As employees of today focus on improving on their work-life balance, the option of across border transfers is at stake. E mployees want to be either near home or at home, whether working or attending to personal matters. In this perspective, IHRM must focus on the real impact of flexible work-life balance. In most developing, nations especially of Africa and Asia, the concept of flexibility may be relatively new and if it has been adopted, it is only by a few companies related to ICT, though still to a lesser magnitude. For instance, choice may be on when to work but not necessarily on where to do it. For multinationals that have expanded to these areas, the use of a common HR policy on all aspects may not be possible, unless the members of the subsidiary group are flexible in their mindset to accommodate it. The culture of the host nation and donor nation may differ and this will have its share of the reasons transfer of personnel policies will not be efficient. In a case study to compare such cultures, Taiwan and UK were taken into consideration. First, UK is a developed economy while Taiwan is an up coming economy. Taiwanese principles are based on Confucianism while UK principles are based on individualism. Duty to family, harmonious attitude and a consensus towards a conflict-free working are some of the guiding principles for Taiwan. For UK, the individualism approach has no such thing as society to regard. The Taiwanese system provides permanent work because of values of Confucianism like â€Å"long term orientation†. On the other hand, at least 64% of UK’s workforce is either home-based workers or part-time workers. On such basis, transferability of the policies is therefore difficult for the two countries (Chang, Wilkinson Mellahi 2007). Challenges facing international work time management One of the greatest challenges a general manager of an international organization would face is managing people of different cultures in relation to productivity for his organization. The manager is left with an option of considering labour cost factors and economic facto rs as the major determinants. Even the expansion would need to consider these cultural factors. The prevailing religion could be considered as cultural. Religion affects people’s stands and these would best be factored in consideration of setting up an international business. Selecting managers for various assignments would mean screening them for such cultural factors for the sake of adaptability, self orientation and relational skills. Agreements on work life and flexible work Most researchers seem to agree that flex time and work balance must go hand in hand if it is possible for a specific job. Mayo-Clinic seems especially to propose a harmonized balance of the two. There is especially one general agreement in all schools of thought that the number of hours each person works per week could be rescheduled to become more productive and beneficial to the employee. Scholars of different schools of thought seem to agree that flexible work schedules can be either beneficial or detrimental to the organization. Detriment seems to come from less commitment of work-at-home employees. Conflicts on work life and flexible work The greatest conflict arises when the two aspects of work improvement are not differentiated and are addressed as one and the same thing. The Work Foundation (2008) addresses work-life balance as â€Å"having a measure of control over when, where and how you work leading to ability to enjoy an optimal quality of life† (para 5). In this definition, more of the issues addressed would rather fall on flexible work than work-life balance. It does not address the internal adjustment of the individual in terms of preparedness, personal schedule and attitudes towards work in an effort to make sure that work does not stall personal affairs or the other way. Some scholars depict work-life balance and the right to ask for a flexible working as impossible to overcome owing to the differences in cultures. They suggest that it could only be handl ed like subsidiaries requiring totally independent practices and policies. Other scholars imply that with the globalization of management, everything else concerning the working environment could be ‘globalized’ and enable transfer of personnel policies internationally. Summary There is diversity amongst European countries concerning the basis on which statutes on flexible working were introduced. UK, for instance, introduced them in response to labour market shortages and to eliminate work-family conflict that became a barrier to employment. Other countries introduced theirs in response to unemployment and therefore it was a means of work sharing. The compatibility of personnel policies of such countries is therefore capped by these facts and is difficult to effect. The internationalization of HRM is limited by social cultural factors. Some of these factors are issues like common age, size, and norms of behavior, presence of customs, influence of labour unions, labour market and perceptions of different stakeholders. When looked at from a flexibility dimension, many other factors like pay and benefits, communication, transfers and business environment come into play. It is becoming increasingly important for multinational enterprises to globalize their human resource practices. How best to do it on a culturally diverse workforce depends on the continued innovativeness and creativity of the managers. Gaps between strategic management and international human resource management function must be bridged. Despite its difficulty, it has proved possible with several multinational companies effectively effecting flexible schedules to all their subsidiaries. German companies are known, for instance, to expand to Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia and still successfully implement their personnel policies in all of them. International human resource management is faced with such emerging issues and must be competitive enough to cater for it to overcome such challenges and retain a competitive edge. The disparities in how such policies evolve must be catered for because the rate of changes may not be the same. It will even mean constant revision of the policies in a fast changing world. Countries that are technologically advanced are easier to manage because infrastructure supports such changes. The human resource management team will however experience a higher demand from employees of such countries. Competent international human resource managers will, according to this research, be open-minded so as to accommodate different cultures in the work-life balance requests. In the long run, the human resource manager seeks to help the employees achieve personal satisfaction as they achieve organizational goals. He may not be able to put into effect these flexible schedules for managers since their roles are more demanding and options like sharing will be out of question even with much delegation. Differences in cultural factors are partia lly a hindrance to the transferability of personnel policies, but not a block never to be overcome. List of References Australian Government, 2011. How to negotiate a flexible work environment. JobAccess. [online] Available at: http://jobaccess.gov.au/Jobseekers/Starting_work/How_to_negotiate_a_flexible_work_environment/Pages/home.aspx . Bird, J., 2006. Work-life balance: Doing it right and avoiding the pitfalls. Employment Relations Today, 33(3), 1-9. Boulin, J., 2011. Flexible working hours and their impact on work-life balance and working conditions. Expert Meeting- Organization of Working time: Implications for Working Conditions, Dublin, June 3rd 2011. [Online] Available at: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/events/2011/workingtime/meeting2.htm . Carl, A. Maier, F., 2009. â€Å"Flexible working time arrangements in Germany.† External Report Commissioned by and presented to the EU Directorate-General Employment and Social Affairs, Unit G1 ‘Equality between women and m en’. [Online] Available at: http://www.fgbegge.it/public/documets/Flexible%20working%20time%20arrangements%20in%20Germany.pdf Chang, Y. Y., Wilkinson, A. J. Mellahi, K., 2007. HRM strategies and MNCs from emerging economies in the UK. European Business Review, 19(5), 404 – 419 Churchard, C., 2010. Longer drinking hours ‘drive up workplace absence’. [online] Available at: http://www.peoplemanagement.co.uk/pm/articles/2011/10/longer-drinking-hours-drive-up-workplace-absence.htm Giglio, K., n.d. Workplace flexibility case studies. Sloan Work and Family Research Network. [online] Available at http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/template.phpname=casestudy#unc Guest, D. E., 2001. Perspectives on the study of work-life balance. [Online] Available at: http://www.ucm.es/info/Psyap/enop/guest.htm . International Labour Organization, 2007. Decent working time: Balancing workers’ needs with business requirements. ILO. [online] Available at: http://www.ilo.org/travail/w hatwedo/publications/lang–en/docName–WCMS_145391/index.htm Rudrappa, S., 2005. Women in global workforce. [online] Available at: http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/press/20050419_ut_whitepaper.pdf Stiles, P. et al., 2009. Best practice and key themes in global human resource Management: Project Report [online] Available at: http://www.cihrm.jbs.cam.ac.uk/research/downloads/ghrra_report.pdf . The Work Foundation, 2008. Jargon buster. theworkfoundation.com. [online] Available at: http://www.theworkfoundation.com/difference/e4wlb/jargonbuster.aspx Tulgan, B., 1996. Managing Generation X. Oxford: Capstone. Vaele, P., 2011. Workplace flexibility case study: The Ad Council’s flexible work schedule policy. [online] Available at: wfnetwork.bc.edu/pdfs/adcouncil.pdf This essay on Flexible Work Schedule and Work-Life Balance was written and submitted by user Maxim Casey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings

Tribological Audit Of Rolling Element Bearings 1. INTRODUCTION: In the current scenario, conservation of material and energy is very much important. As the principal cause of material wastage is wear, any reduction in wear leads to savings. Friction is the main cause of wear which leads to energy dissipation and damage to equipments. [1] Friction occurs when one surface drags upon another surface. The magnitude of frictional force depends upon the interaction of mating surfaces. All surfaces consist of minute asperities and depressions even though the surface has high degree of finish. From close observation it is clear that frictional force is produced due to the distortion of the micro asperities when one surface slides over the other. As most of the surfaces are elastic up to a limit, the original shape is regained afterwards. In extreme cases the asperities get removed due to plastic flow of materials. [4] This process of removal of material from one or both of two surfaces in contact is known as wear. [6] Lubrication is the most effective me thod to lower the friction and to control wear and tear. Lubrication is the process of interposing a solid liquid or gaseous lubricant in between two surfaces in relative motion in order to decrease wear and tear. [6] Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. [5] Tribology is derived from the Greek word Tribos which means rubbing. It deals with relative motion of the bodies, friction, wear and lubrication. The motion of the bodies includes sliding, rolling, spinning, bouncing or combination of these. [5] The written history of tribology is as old as about five thousand years. In olden days itself people were concerned about friction and the ways to reduce it. Assyrians used rollers made of wood to move massive stones. [2] Later carts are developed as rolling friction is less than sliding friction. Although the ways to reduce friction was highly concerned from the olden days itself, the word tribology was introduced in 1966. [5] The minimum film thickness in tribological machine elements was in the order of 10 µm to 100 µm at the start of the century. Later advance in the tribology led to the development of components with film thickness up to 1 µm. The thickness is further reduced to 0.1 µm by the end of the century. In short, tribolo gy in the important factor in design of machine elements and selection of lubricants. [5] 2. ROLLING BEARINGS: Invention of wheel led to minimise the effort of moving an object as rolling friction is less than that of sliding friction. Even though rolling motion produces less friction, man was seeking different ways to decrease the rolling friction. This led to the discovery that bearing based rolling motion consumes less power. Hence it was implemented in all rolling systems including complex machine mechanisms. In earlier periods the roller bearings was not able to compete with the hydrodynamic sliding bearings as it cannot meet with the endurance characteristics of the other. The roller bearing was universally accepted in the 20th century by the development of superior bearing materials and advanced techniques. This helped to manufacture roller bearing assemblies with extreme accuracy and long life. The competition among the manufacturers increased in early 1970s which led to a sudden increase in the production of high quality products at relatively low costs. [2] Rolling bearing includes all types of bearings to permit minimum friction between two moving surfaces relative to one another. The main application of roller bearing is to rotate a shaft relative to some fixed or oppositely rotating structure. It also allows relative linear motion of a fixture in a fixed direction provided by a stationary shaft. [3] Usually a bearing consists of two steel rings each of which consists of a hardened raceway. The hardened steel balls or rollers roll in these raceways. These rolling elements are usually held in an angular spaced structure which is called separator or retainer. [2] ball.gif Figure 1- Ball Bearings [7] There are different types of roller bearings based on their analysis of operation. A brief description on various types of bearings is explained below. 2.1 BALL BEARINGS: 2.1.1 Radial Ball Bearings: Radial ball bearings are the most popular rolling bearings. This type of ball bearings has an inner and outer raceway grooves in between the balls are inserted. The grooves have curvature radii of about 53% of the size of the ball diameter. The inner groove is concentrically fixed inside the outer groove and the ball bearings are present in between the grooves. The bearings are separated uniformly. A cage is used to maintain the separation. Deep groove ball bearings have the capacity to carry more loads as it is having large ball diameter. It can carry radial as well as thrust loads. Seals are present to keep the lubricant in and protect from external dirt. [2] Figure 2- Radial Ball Bearings [8]radial-bearings.jpg 2.1.2 Angular Contact Ball Bearings:406px-Angular-contact-ball-bearing_single-row_din628_type-b_120.png Angular contact bearings are designed to withstand heavy thrust loads or a combination of both thrust and radial loads. The ball bearings have a contact angle which does not exceed 40 degrees. Single and double row ball bearings are usually used depending upon the nature and magnitude of force to withstand. In this type of ball bearings, the outer raceway is the part of a sphere. The load applied on the outer raceway is minimised as the balls do not conform well into it. By using large balls the load on each ball can be minimised. This type of bearings can be used in applications where the parallelism of shaft and the housing are not exact to each other. [2] Figure 3- Angular Contact Ball Bearings [9] 2.1.3Thrust Ball Bearings: thrust-ball-bearing_din711_ex.png Thrust bearings are those bearings having a contact angle of 900 which can withstand thrust loads. These types of bearings are meant for high speed applications. The thrust bearings are mounted on spherical seats to obtain high degree of alignment ability. These bearings cannot be used to hold any radial loads. [2] They are mainly used in automotive, marine and aerospace applications. These increase smoothness and help in noise reduction thereby reducing friction in the attached part. Small size, reduced friction and long life are the main advantages of thrust bearings. [10] Figure 4- Thrust Ball Bearings [11] 2.2 ROLLER BEARINGS: Roller bearings are used in applications where the bearings have to support very high loads. Rollers are used in these bearings instead of balls. In these roller is cylindrical in shape and so line contact is formed between rollers and raceways. This spreads the load out a large area. Hence they have more load supporting capability. [12] They supply more fatigue endurance than ball bearings. Also the cost of manufacturing is high. These bearings consist of two concentric raceways which consist of rollers in between the two. To increase the load carrying capacity, cylindrical bearings with two or more rows of rollers are constructed. Different types of roller bearings include needle roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, thrust roller bearings and spherical roller bearings. [2] Roller-Bearing.jpgLB_OP_Linear_Motion_Bearing_250x250.jpg Figure 5- Roller Bearings [13] Figure 6- Linear Motion Bearing [14] 2.3 LINEAR MOTION BEARINGS: Linear motion bearings are the recent products developed in order to provide free motion in one dimension. In machine tool slide ways, very high friction is developed. Linear motion bearing consists of balls which carry the loads laterally in a particular direction and hence wear and tear can be minimised. They provide smooth, precision, guiding surface. The rolling element of a linear bearing rides over it thereby reducing friction. [15] 3. TRIBOLOGICAL FACTORS: Tribology deals with friction, wear and lubrication. The two key factors related to tribology are interacting surfaces and relative motion. It is clear that tribology is concerned with two surfaces in relative motion which are adequately close to one another. Usually a poor tribological interface is designed and then various lubricants are used to lower the friction between the surfaces. The most acceptable way is to design a better interface which includes the selection of a good lubricant also to minimise the friction and wear to the lowest. [5] Various tribological factors are to be taken into consideration while taking a situation. The important tribological factors include: Material Surfaces Lubricants Operating Conditions [5] 3.1 MATERIAL: The initial step to be taken while designing a product is the material selection. There are various factors which are taken into consideration while selecting the material. For tribological point of view the following factors are to be given importance before material selection. Basic Mechanical Properties Friction Wear Resistance Compatibility [5] 3.1.1 Basic Mechanical Properties: The basic mechanical properties of the material such as elastic modulus, Poissons ratio, yield stress, hardness, fatigue resistance, ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity are to be analysed. [5] Also the availability and cost of the material are also taken into account. Based on these observations the best material suitable for the manufacturing of bearings is selected. The selection of material used for bearings is to be done carefully based on standard specifications. The material plays an important role in the performance of the bearings. This affects the overall performance of the machinery also. The selected material is used to manufacture the load bearing parts of the bearings like raceway grooves and balls or rollers only. Retainers and cages are made from some other soft materials with desired qualities. [17] 3.1.2 Friction: Friction is the resistance offered by two interacting surfaces in relative motion. The degree of friction is denoted by coefficient of friction  µ. [6] Friction occurred during sliding is known as sliding friction and which occurred during rolling is known as rolling friction. The main factors which cause friction are adhesion between surfaces, surface hardness, asperities etc. [6] 3.1.2.2 Laws of Friction: There are different laws of friction which are applicable to dry friction between interacting surfaces. The first and second laws were put forward by Leonardo da Vinci and third law was introduced by Coulomb. [6] The first law of friction states that force required to initiate or sustain sliding FT is proportional to FN, the normal force. [6] Thus FT ÃŽ ± FN or FT =  µ.FN [6] Where  µ = Coefficient of friction The second law of friction states that the friction force FT is independent of the apparent area of contact Aa [6] The third law of friction states that friction is independent of sliding speed. [6] It was found that the first two laws of friction are obeyed in almost all experimental conditions. Lubrication systems can be used to lower the friction developed within the bearings. Friction in bearings depends upon the viscosity of lubricant and shear rate. Self lubricated bearings are widely used as it offers only very low friction. [20] 3.1.3 Wear: Wear can be termed as the material loss or volume loss from the surface of the materials in contact. [21] The main types of wear occurring on material surfaces are adhesive wear, abrasive wear, fatigue wear, corrosive wear. The local pressure at the asperities becomes extremely high when the normal pressure is acted upon the mating surfaces. When the pressure exceeds a certain limit, the asperities deform plastically until the area of contact increased sufficiently to withstand the load. The wear produced due to adhesion process has been explained by Archard equation. Wad = K [22] Where Wad = wear rate K = wear coefficient F = normal load H = hardness of softer material When two dissimilar materials slide over one another, the softer material gets scratched away. Thias type of wear is called as abrasive wear. Fatigue wear occurs when a rotating shaft is subjected to reversal of bending stresses. Corrosive wear is due to the reaction of the material surface with the environment or an external agent. [6] Wear occurs in ball and roller bearings due to corrosion, shock loading of fatigue. Atmospheric agents like dirt and girt are the other external factors which are responsible for wear. [4] 3.1.4 Compatibility: Alloys are usually selected as bearing materials. Alloy is a solid composition consisting of two or more metals and elements in fixed proportions. The two alloys which are used to manufacture the bearings are Chrome Steel and Stainless Steel. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. [17] Various other elements like silicon, manganese, phosphorous, sulphur, chromium and molybdenum are added in chrome and stainless steels in order to increase the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of the alloys. [18] Carbon is used in the alloy to form cementite structure and to formation of pearlite, spheroidite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite. This improves hardenability of the alloys up to 0.65%. Wear resistance is increased up to 1.5%. Toughness of the alloy reduces and the brittleness increases when carbon is added. Manganese increases the hardness penetration of steel. Chromium is added to increase hardness, toughness and wear resistance to steel. Silicon acts as the deoxidiser during the manufacturing process. [19] 3.1.4.1 Chrome Steel Chrome steel is one of the widely used alloys to manufacture bearings. It is used mainly in high load bearing applications as this material is capable of withstanding very high loads. The machinability of the material is as high as highly finished, less noisy bearings are obtained. Also the life of the bearings is also very high. Under test conditions, the Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 60 64 C. This material is used in applications where corrosion is not considered. [16] The constituent elements in the chrome steel are given in the table 1. 3.1.4.2 Stainless Steel The standard material used for the bearings is 400 series Martensitic Stainless Steel. This type of steel is highly resistant to corrosion and hence stainless steel bearings are used in applications where corrosion is to be taken into account. It is having less load withstanding capacity when compared to chrome steel. There are three types of 400 series Stainless Steel suitable for making bearings. These materials are developed by manufacturers to be used for certain specific applications. [16] 3.1.4.2.1 DR Stainless steel This material is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in applications which deal with highly corrosive medium. The material can be precisely machined so as to obtain high degree of finish to the surface of bearing. This helps in smooth, low noise operation of the bearings. The Rockwell hardness of the material is observed as 58 60 C. [16] The chemical composition of the material is given in table 2. 3.1.4.2.2 AISI 440C Stainless Steel AISI 440C Stainless Steel is highly resistant to corrosion and is easily available. But it is not widely used now a day when more modern materials are developed. The Rockwell hardness of the material is 58-60 C. [16] The chemical composition is given in table 3. 3.1.4.2.3 ES1 Stainless Steel: This material is highly resistant to corrosion and has high machinability. Thus highly finished surfaces can be produced. The material is having a Rockwell hardness number of 58 60 C. [16] The composition of the material is given in table 4. 3.2 SURFACE: Surface quality of the materials is one of the major tribological factors which determine the efficiency of the product. [4] Surface finish decides the amount of friction and wear of the material. Surface texture and conformity are the terms which are to be given importance. 3.2.1 Surface texture: The surface of the material is the part which interacts with the environment. The surface may not be highly finished due to several reasons. It may be due to the imperfections caused during manufacturing, due to external agents or due to loads acting on the surface. The deviations observed on the surface can be mainly classified into three which includes roughness, waviness and error of form. [23] Roughness is the surface irregularities which consist of rises and valleys. This creates an uneven surface pattern. Waviness is the small ups and downs on the surface which is having less amplitude that of roughness. These may be caused due to work piece deflections, vibration or heat treatment. Error of form is the slight deviations from the nominal shape. [6] The surface profiles can be traced by using different apparatus like Abbott profilometer, Tomilson surface finish recorder and Talysurf surface finish recorder. [4] 3.2.2 Conformity: Conformity is the degree of agreement between the surfaces. [5] An interface consisting of two plates is said to have high conformity. Journal bearing is an example for high conformity material. An interface consisting of a plate and a ball is said to be having low conformity. Ball bearing is an example for low conformity material. Conformity is an important factor which is to be considered as it has an important role in determining the pressure, shear stress and temperature in the interface. [5] Figure 7- Surface Texture [23] 3.3 LUBRICANTS: Lubrication is the technique employed to reduce wear by the interposition of a solid, liquid or gas between the two surfaces which come into contact with one another. It was a persistent problem for man for centuries from the day he used to move materials. Friction consumes and wastes energy whereas wear leads to the damage of the equipment which are undesirable and it has to be avoided at any cost. Every moving part of machinery is subjected to friction leading to wear and tear which has to be avoided. Lubrication plays a vital role in avoiding the friction between mating surfaces. The history of lubricant begins thousands of years before. It was found that the ancient Egyptians used lubricants to avoid friction in the wheels of chariots. [24] In ancient times lubricants were of animal, plant and marine origin. Later mineral oils were started to use as lubricant. The new science of lubrication based on hydrodynamics came in 1880s. [24] Lubricants are of solids, liquids and gases but liquid lubricants are widely used. These include mineral oil, synthetic oil, grease, vegetable oil and water. Lubrication is done by applying a thin film of lubricant between the surfaces in contact. [6] Thus undesirable problems like friction, wear, noise and vibrations can be reduced to a very high extent. 3.3.1 Viscosity: Viscosity of a lubricant is the main characteristic which is taken into account before selecting it for a specific application. Friction, heat generation, film thickness and load carrying capacity depend upon the viscosity of lubricant used. Generally viscosity can be stated as the hindrance of the fluid to flow. But based on lubrication, viscosity is the measure of ability of fluid to maintain lubrication at specific operating conditions. [24] 3.3.2 Lubrication Regimes: Lubrication can generally be classified into four different regimes based on the thickness of the fluid film in between the surfaces in contact. They include: Hydrodynamic Lubrication Boundary Lubrication Mixed Lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication 3.3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication: image8.jpg Figure 7- Hydrodynamic Lubrication [25] In hydrodynamic lubrication, a fluid film is formed in between the two surfaces in contact. Thus one surface floats on the other and there occurs no direct contact between the surfaces. In microscopic level the surfaces of the materials consist of asperities. In normal condition without lubrication, the asperities are in direct contact with each other. When one surface slides over the other, the asperities get deformed producing friction and hence wear. Hydrodynamic lubrication helps avoid the friction as there is no direct contact between the surfaces. The viscosity of the lubricant helps to increase the fluid pressure in between the surfaces. Thus the lubricant layer holds the surfaces apart. As the lubricant layer formed is thicker than the surface roughness of the material, one material slides over the other without damaging the surface. It is observed that the thickness of the film is more than 1 µm. [24, 25] The surface is separated apart by hydrostatic lift. A fluid flowing over a surface immediately takes the speed of the surface. Similarly when the fluid moves in a converging gap, the pressure increases and the surface is lifted. [25] 3.3.2.2 Boundary Lubrication: Boundary lubrication is a type of lubrication in which the surface roughness of the material is same as that of the fluid layer thickness. Thus when one surface moves upon the other, the asperities comes into contact. When load is applied the asperities gets plastically deformed which leads to friction and wear. As friction is not desirable different methods are also adopted to reduce friction in this type of lubrication. This includes the use of various additives to the lubricants. The additives are classified according to the surface action exhibited on the material surface. They are mainly of three types. Physically absorbed layers Chemically absorbed layers Chemical reaction layers 3.3.2.2.1 Physically adsorbed layers: When the lubricant is applied, it forms a layer on the material surface. The weak intermolecular force called van der Walls force exerted by the layer of the lubricant helps to attach to the surface. This layer lubricates and allows the other surface to slide over the other without causing friction. As the lubricant is not undergoing any chemical reaction, the process is reversible. The bonds formed by van der Walls force are weak and it can be removed. The main disadvantage of the physically adsorbed lubricants is that they have a temperature limit above which the lubricant melts. 3.3.2.2.2 Chemically adsorbed layers: Chemically adsorbed layers are those formed due to the chemical reaction with the surface material. Chemisorption is a type of adsorption in which the molecules are hold tight by the valence force of the molecules of the lubricant. The bonds created are stronger than the physically adsorbed layers. Usually chemically adsorbed lubricants form long chain fatty acid molecules, which has high affinity to metal surfaces. Fatty acid additives like stearic and oleic acid forms chemically adsorbed layers. The typical thickness of the boundary film is about 3 µm. As chemical reaction takes place in the interface, the adsorbed layer can be removed only under extreme conditions like high temperature, vacuum or by using some chemical treatments. [26] 3.3.2.2.3 Chemical reaction layers: Chemical reaction layers are formed by the reaction of additives in the lubricant with the surface of the material on which it is applied. In this adsorption is not taking place, instead a chemical reaction that bonds the lubricant and the material occurs. Thus the layers formed are permanent. The main disadvantage of physisorption and chemisorptions is the temperature limit above which the lubricant gets ineffective. In this type of reaction the working temperature is not a factor. Hence this type of lubrication is used in high speed and high load operating systems as high temperature is developed in these cases. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is widely used as an additive to produce effective chemical reaction films. [24] 3.3.2.2 Mixed Lubrication: Mixed lubrication has the features of both hydrodynamic lubrication and boundary lubrication. In hydrodynamic lubrication the contact surfaces are separated apart by the pressure of the lubricant interposed between the surfaces. Hence there will not be any contact between the two surfaces in motion. But in boundary lubrication, one surface rests on the other. When the surface moves the asperities gets plastically deformed which causes friction and wear. Mixed lubrication acts between the two extremes of hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication. In mixed lubrication regimes a fluid film layer is developed where contact takes place between the asperities of the surfaces. Thus a slight deformation is formed while sliding occurs which is highly desirable. The film thickness ranges from 0.05 µm to 0.1 µm. [25] 3.3.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication: Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is a type of lubrication which brings together hydrodynamic lubrication, hertzian contact and change in viscosity with pressure. In this method of lubrication, the surface is modified to minimise friction. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is used in applications where low conformity and highly loaded tribological interfaces are present. Roughness of the wearing surface is taken into consideration in this lubrication. Roughness is taken as the average of high and low points of the surface which is called as the centreline average. [27] A non conformal contact can produce pressure to a very high level. When the pressure increases it directly affects the viscosity of the lubricant. In normal conditions the viscosity of the lubricant is less noticeable but during elastohydrodynamic lubrication the viscosity increases which makes the lubricant act as a semi solid. This creates a thin film of oil in between the mating surfaces. [25] 3.4 OPERATING CONDITIONS: Operating conditions are the main aspect to be taken into account while designing a mechanical component including bearings. There are different factors which comprises the operating conditions. Load Relative Motion Temperature Environment 3.4.1 Load: The load applied on each ball and roller is to be determined to manufacture the bearings which can operate at the desired applications without failure. In order to calculate the load deflection relationship is to be developed for roller element contacting raceways. In almost all the applications the outer or inner raceways is in steady state rotation. The speed of the rotation may not be large enough to affect significantly the distribution of the load equally on each roller or ball elements. The rigidly supported bearing is subjected to radial load which may lead to deflection. The radial deflection at any rolling element is given by ÃŽ ´ÃË† = ÃŽ ´r cos ψ  ½ Pd [2] Where ÃŽ ´ÃË† = radial deflection r = ring radial shift ÃŽ ¨ = angular location Pd = diametral clearance Thrust load and roller bearings are also subjected to thrust loads which are distributed equally among the rolling elements. The thrust load can be calculated using Q = Fa / Z Sin ÃŽ ± [2] Where Q = thrust load Fa = applied load Z = number of rollers per row ÃŽ ± = contact angle 3.4.2 Relative Motion: Relative motion is the motion of either one or both surfaces with respect to each other. There are different forms of relative motion depending upon the style of motion. They include sliding, rolling, spinning and bouncing. Sliding refers to the smooth movement over a surface maintaining the contact between each other. Rolling is the movement by revolving within the axis. Spinning is the rotation of a material within its axis. Bouncing is the rebounding due to an impact. Chance for sliding occurs in the rolling bearings due to thrust loads. Bouncing may occur due to sudden fluctuation in loads which may lead to destruction of bearing material. 3.4.3 Temperature: Operating temperature is a factor which is to be taken into consideration for the smooth functioning of the bearings at load conditions. Temperature rise may occur in the bearings during operation which may be due to different reasons. One factor which causes the rise in temperature is the application of excess load. If excess load is applied, the material may not be designed to withstand that much high load. So it may lead to failure. Another reason for the temperature rise is the absence of lubricant. The lubricant should be interposed to the surfaces in contact. If it fails to continuously supply the lubricant to the surface, friction is produced which results in gradual rise in temperature. Various coatings are also used to overcome temperature extremes. 3.4.4 Environment: Nature of environment is the feature which can influence the efficiency and life of the bearings. There are different agents which affect the operating conditions of the bearings which may be harmful. These include contaminations like dust, wear particles, air, water, process fluid etc. Insulations are to be provided to avoid exposure to these external agents. This can be done by using seals or coatings. 4. CONCLUSION: The various tribological factors are to be considered while designing rolling bearings. This tribological audit looks for the different factors which affect the performance and life of the bearings. The major tribological factors found include material, surface, lubrication and operating conditions. Different solutions are available which can be applied to each factor to lower the friction. Material should be wisely selected which can be easily machined to obtain highly finished surfaces and should possess the strength to withstand the loads applying on it. The material should be selected according to the application. Surface texture and conformity of the material is to be carefully observed as the surface finish is one of the major factors which cause friction. Lubrication plays a major role in the performance of the equipment. Right method of lubrication is selected. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication forms the film with minimum thickness which is the most desirable in bearings. Operat ing conditions affects the performance and life of the bearings which includes contaminations like dirt, wear particles, water, corrosive process fluid etc. Proper measures are to be taken to avoid exposure to these agents. From this audit it is clear that we have to take care of the tribological factors and select the most suitable ones to obtain maximum performance and life to the rolling bearings.